2 September 11, 2018
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2. Athena Myrou, Theodoros Aslanidis, Triantafyllos Didangelos, Michalis Karamouzis, Apostolos Hatzitolios, Dimitrios Grekas
Biomarkers of Diabetic Nephropathy Progression
European Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 97-103.
Number of views: 1293 Download in PDF
3. Naina Mohamed Pakkir MaideenEuropean Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 97-103.
Abstract:
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and leads to an end stage renal disease (ESRD). Standard biomarkers including serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria do not directly measure renal tissue injury and they are relatively insensitive to small changes in renal function. Therefore, research focuses on discovering and validating additional biomarkers that improve risk stratification for future renal function decline and end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes, along with already established biomarkers. In view of this, the utility of urinary biomarkers reported in the literature is discussed in this brief review.
Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and leads to an end stage renal disease (ESRD). Standard biomarkers including serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria do not directly measure renal tissue injury and they are relatively insensitive to small changes in renal function. Therefore, research focuses on discovering and validating additional biomarkers that improve risk stratification for future renal function decline and end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes, along with already established biomarkers. In view of this, the utility of urinary biomarkers reported in the literature is discussed in this brief review.
Number of views: 1293 Download in PDF
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions of Sulfonylurea Antidiabetics
European Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 83-96.
Number of views: 1348 Download in PDF
4. N.N. Khoshimov, R.N. Rakhimov, G.B. Akhmedova b, V.G. AzizovEuropean Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 83-96.
Abstract:
Sulfonylureas are useful to treat type 2 diabetes patients. Apart from sulfonylureas, the patients with diabetes may use many other medications to treat various concomitant illnesses such as high blood pressure, higher lipids, infections, pain, etc. The probability of interactions increases with the number of drugs used concomitantly. Most of the adverse drug interactions of sulfonylureas result in hypoglycemia, which can be life threatening. Sulfonylureas are primarily metabolized by CYP2C9 enzyme, which paves the way for most of their pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Drugs inhibiting CYP2C9 enzyme are expected to elevate the plasma concentrations of sulfonylureas and subsequent hypoglycemic complications. Some drugs potentiate the hypoglycemic activity of sulfonylureas pharmacodynamically too. The prescribers and pharmacists must be aware of the adverse drug interactions of sulfonylureas to prevent hypoglycemic episodes.
Sulfonylureas are useful to treat type 2 diabetes patients. Apart from sulfonylureas, the patients with diabetes may use many other medications to treat various concomitant illnesses such as high blood pressure, higher lipids, infections, pain, etc. The probability of interactions increases with the number of drugs used concomitantly. Most of the adverse drug interactions of sulfonylureas result in hypoglycemia, which can be life threatening. Sulfonylureas are primarily metabolized by CYP2C9 enzyme, which paves the way for most of their pharmacokinetic drug interactions. Drugs inhibiting CYP2C9 enzyme are expected to elevate the plasma concentrations of sulfonylureas and subsequent hypoglycemic complications. Some drugs potentiate the hypoglycemic activity of sulfonylureas pharmacodynamically too. The prescribers and pharmacists must be aware of the adverse drug interactions of sulfonylureas to prevent hypoglycemic episodes.
Number of views: 1348 Download in PDF
Investigation of the Effect of Polyphenol Euphorbin on the Transport of L Glutamate and Calcium Channels to Synaptosomes of Rat Brain
European Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 72-82.
Number of views: 1246 Download in PDF
European Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 72-82.
Abstract:
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of L glutamate and polyphenol euphorbin on the transport of NMDA-receptor mediators in rat’s brain synaptosomes. This makes it possible to adjust the transport of antagonists and agonists NMDA-receptors brain synaptosomes in rats. Methods: The study was carried out using the Weilers method. Synaptosomes were isolated from the brain of rats by a two-step centrifugation method. The entire isolation procedure was carried out at 4°C. To measure the amount of cytosolic Ca2+ synaptosomes were calculated by the Grinkevich equation. Results: Increase in the concentration of [Ca2+]in caused by L glutamate, primarily due to activation of membrane permeability, movement of Ca2+ into the cell and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The two-phase L glutamate process of induced release of protons from synaptic vesicles of rat brain nerve terminals is correlated with a two-step increase in the concentration of calcium under the influence of L glutamate. Euphorbin competes with L glutamate for glutamate binding site of NMDA-receptors. L glutamate partially reduces the action of euphorbin, which may indicate that part of the external calcium comes under the influence of euphorbin also through the open L glutamate binding site and in place of calcium channels NMDA-receptors. Conclusion: In these studies, it was found that euphorbin slightly increases the fluorescence and the level of [Ca2+]in, respectively, in the synaptic membranes compared with the control. The obtained results indicate a possible competition between euphorbin and L glutamate for the site of regulation of the opening of ion channels of NMDA-receptors. It was found that the effect of euphorbin responsible for the opening of calcium channels with other sites of NMDA-receptors against the background of magnesium ions, argiolobatin and nifedipine, a change in the level of [Ca2+]in synaptosomes was not observed.
Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of L glutamate and polyphenol euphorbin on the transport of NMDA-receptor mediators in rat’s brain synaptosomes. This makes it possible to adjust the transport of antagonists and agonists NMDA-receptors brain synaptosomes in rats. Methods: The study was carried out using the Weilers method. Synaptosomes were isolated from the brain of rats by a two-step centrifugation method. The entire isolation procedure was carried out at 4°C. To measure the amount of cytosolic Ca2+ synaptosomes were calculated by the Grinkevich equation. Results: Increase in the concentration of [Ca2+]in caused by L glutamate, primarily due to activation of membrane permeability, movement of Ca2+ into the cell and release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The two-phase L glutamate process of induced release of protons from synaptic vesicles of rat brain nerve terminals is correlated with a two-step increase in the concentration of calcium under the influence of L glutamate. Euphorbin competes with L glutamate for glutamate binding site of NMDA-receptors. L glutamate partially reduces the action of euphorbin, which may indicate that part of the external calcium comes under the influence of euphorbin also through the open L glutamate binding site and in place of calcium channels NMDA-receptors. Conclusion: In these studies, it was found that euphorbin slightly increases the fluorescence and the level of [Ca2+]in, respectively, in the synaptic membranes compared with the control. The obtained results indicate a possible competition between euphorbin and L glutamate for the site of regulation of the opening of ion channels of NMDA-receptors. It was found that the effect of euphorbin responsible for the opening of calcium channels with other sites of NMDA-receptors against the background of magnesium ions, argiolobatin and nifedipine, a change in the level of [Ca2+]in synaptosomes was not observed.
Number of views: 1246 Download in PDF
Articles and Statements
5. Georgi Gluhchev, Ignat Ignatov, Yuliana Pesheva
Carbonaceous Fullerene Containing Nano Mineral Shungite. Properties for Purification of Water Detoxification of Human Body
European Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 61-71.
Number of views: 1265 Download in PDF
European Journal of Medicine, 2018, 6(2): 61-71.
Abstract:
Shungite is amorphous, uncrystallized, fullerene analogous carbon containing natural mineral. Shungite carbon is a fossilized organic material of sea bottom Precambrian sediments of high level of carbonization containing the fullerene-like regular structures. Shungite got its name after the village of Shunga in Karelia (Russian Federation), located on the shore of Onezhskoe Lake, where is located Zazhoginsky deposit. The total shungite reserves of Zazhoginsky deposit amount to approximately 35 million tons. The plant production capacity for the mining and processing of shungite makes up 200 thousand tons of shungite per year. We study the properties of shungite for purification of water and detoxification of human body. In the report the authors show the properties for purification of water. There are basic data for detoxification of human body with water solution of shungite.
Shungite is amorphous, uncrystallized, fullerene analogous carbon containing natural mineral. Shungite carbon is a fossilized organic material of sea bottom Precambrian sediments of high level of carbonization containing the fullerene-like regular structures. Shungite got its name after the village of Shunga in Karelia (Russian Federation), located on the shore of Onezhskoe Lake, where is located Zazhoginsky deposit. The total shungite reserves of Zazhoginsky deposit amount to approximately 35 million tons. The plant production capacity for the mining and processing of shungite makes up 200 thousand tons of shungite per year. We study the properties of shungite for purification of water and detoxification of human body. In the report the authors show the properties for purification of water. There are basic data for detoxification of human body with water solution of shungite.
Number of views: 1265 Download in PDF